Wandel und Zäsuren rechnergestützter Telekommunikation seit 1960

Vorlesungsfenster in der Vorlesung Information und Kommunikation, (U. Maurer, B. Plattner), 1. Februar 1999, 11 Uhr, ML H44

Index zur Vorlesung

• Kommunikation und Gesellschaft
• Ein Computernetz um 1955
• Der Wandel: Postmoderne Netze 1959
• Time-sharing als Ressourcenoptimierung 1966
• Time-sharing als Netzwerk-Problem
• Klein und interaktiv (1961/63)
• Distributed Networks (1964 und 1970) / ARPAnet (1969)
• Packet Switching 1961-67
• Neue Informationsstrukturen
• Docuverse und Nichtlinearität
• Unübersichtlichkeiten
• "A solution: Hypertext"
• Das Proposal ... und seine Welt
• Die Zäsur im Kontext
• Weltbild als Collage

Bibliographische Hinweise

• Baran, Paul 1964, On Distributed Communications, Memorandum RM-3420-PR, August 1964, http://www.rand.org/publications/RM/RM3420/
• Berners-Lee, Tim, Information Management. A Proposal, (CERN 19989 und 1990) http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html
• Bush, Vannevar 1945. As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly (Juli), http://www.ps.uni-sb.de/~duchier/pub/vbush/vbush-all.shtml
• Bolter, Jay David 1991. Writing space. The computer, hypertext, and the history of writing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum
• Engelbart, Douglas C. 1963. A conceptual Framework for the augmentation of Man's intellect. Washington D.C.: Spartan Books
• Fukuyama, Francis 1992. The end of history and the last man. New York, Toronto: Free Press / Maxwell Macmillan
• Jacobs, John F. 1983. SAGE Overview. Annals of the History of Computing, Nr. 5, S. 323-327
• Kleinrock, Leonard 1967. Time-shared systems: A theoretical treatment. Journal of the ACM, 14(2):242-261, April 1967
• Landow, George P. 1992. Hypertext. The convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology. Baltimore, Md. (etc.): Johns Hopkins University Press
• Licklider, J.C.R. 1960. Man-Computer Symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Nr. HFE-1, S. 4-11
• Licklider, J.C.R. 1968. The Computer as a Communication Device. Science and Technology, April
• McCarthy, John 1959, Memorandum to P. M. Morse Proposing time sharing, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/timesharing-memo/timesharing-memo.html

• McCarthy, John 1983, Reminiscences on the history of time sharing, einst auf www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/timesharing/timesharing. html zugänglich (broken link)

• Nelson, Theodor H 1965. A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate. ACM 20th National Conference
• Nelson, Theodor H 1974. Dream machines. New freedoms through computer screens: a minority report. Chicago: Hugo's Book Service
• Nelson, Theodor H. 1981. Literary Machines. Swarthmore, Pa: Self-published
• Nelson, Theodor H. 1987. Computer lib. Dream machines (introduction by Stewart Brand). Redmond, Wash: Tempus Books of Microsoft Press
• Redmond, Kent C. und Thomas M Smith 1980. Project Whirlwind. The history of a pioneer computer. Bedford, Mass: Digital Press
• Renger, Rudi und Gabriele Siegert (Hg.) 1997. Kommunikationswelten. Wissenschaftliche Perspektiven zur Medien- und Informationsgesellschaft. Innsbruck/Wien: Studienverlag
• Roberts, Lawrence G. 1967. Multiple Computer networks and intercomputer Communication. ACM Gatlinburg Conf
• Roberts, Lawrence G. und Barry D. Wessler, "Computer Network Development to achieve Resource Sharing, American Federation of Information Prcessing Societies, 1970
• Rochlin, Gene I. 1997. Trapped in the Net. The unanticipated consequences of computerization. Princeton: Princeton University Press
• United States Department of Defense, 1992. Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report ot Congress. Washington D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office

Zitat I

"Computers were originally developed with the idea that programs would be written to solve general classes of problems and that after an initial period most of the computer time would be spent in running these standard programs with new sets of data. This view completely underestimated the variety of uses to which computers would be put. The actual situation is much closer to the opposite extreme, wherein each user of the machine has to write his own program and that once this program is debugged, one run solves the problem. This means that the time required to solve the problem consists mainly of time required to debug the program. (...) The only way quick response can be provided at a bearable cost is by time-sharing. That is, the computer must attend to other customers while one customer is reacting to some output."

McCarthy, John 1959, Memorandum to P. M. Morse Proposing time sharing, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/timesharing-memo/timesharing-memo.html

Zitat II

"On a Future System Development: We will soon be living in an era in which we cannot guarantee survivability of any single point. However, we can still design systems in which system destruction requires the enemy to pay the price of destroying n of n stations. If n is made sufficiently large, it can be shown that highly survivable system structures can be built--even in the thermonuclear era. In order to build such networks and systems we will have to use a large number of elements. We are interested in knowing how inexpensive these elements may be and still permit the system to operate reliably."

Baran, Paul 1964, On Distributed Communications, Memorandum RM-3420-PR, August 1964, http://www.rand.org/publications/RM/RM3420/

Zitat III

„A computer network is a set of autonomous, independent computer systems, interconnected so as to permit interactive resource sharing between any pair of systems … The goal of the computer network is for each computer to make every local resource available to any computer in the net in such a way that any program available to local users can be used remotely … the resources that can be shared in this way include software and data, as well as hardware.“

Larry Roberts, ARPA-Direktor, 1970, 543

Zitat IV

The problems of information loss may be particularly acute at CERN, but in this case (as in certain others), CERN is a model in miniature of the rest of world in a few years time. CERN meets now some problems which the rest of the world will have to face soon. In 10 years, there may be many commercial solutions to the problems above, while today we need something to allow us to continue."

Tim Berners-Lee, Information Management: A Proposal CERN 1989

Zitat V

„The services put more electronic communications connectivity into the Gulf in 90 days than we put in Europe in 40 years.“

US DoD, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report ot Congress, 1992, 559

Zitat VI

"Das Problem der Kausalität: Es ist nicht immer einfach, zu entscheiden, was eine spezifische Veränderung in einer Wissenschaft verursacht hat. Was machte eine derartige Entdeckung möglich? Warum erschien dieser neue Begriff? Woher kam diese oder jene Theorie? Fragen wie diese sind oft sehr verwirrend, weil es keine endgültigen methodologischen Prinzipien gibt, auf denen eine solche Analyse zu errichten wäre. Viel grösser ist die Verwirrung im Falle jener allgemeinen Veränderungen, die eine Wissenschaft als Ganzes verändern. Noch grösser ist sie im Falle mehrerer sich entsprechender Veränderungen. Doch sie erreicht ihren höchsten Stand im Falle der empirischen Wissenschaften: denn die Rolle der Instrumente, Techniken, Institutionen, Ereignisse, Ideologien und Interessen tritt sehr in Augenschein; aber man weiss nicht, wie eine Artikulation, die so komplex und so vielfältig in der Komposition ist, wirklich vor sich geht."

Michel Foucault, Die Ordnung der Dinge (1966) 1994, 13-14